The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization

George Thomas Kurian, Editor



Text Formatting Guidelines

1. Basic Formatting

Keep all formatting as minimal as possible. Aim for consistency of style within the contribution.

  • Single space the text, use one column only, and left align.
  • Do not use the carriage return (enter key) at the end of lines within a paragraph; allow the word-processing program to turn the line over.
  • Use the tab key (once only) to indicate new paragraphs; do not indent the first line of text after headings.
  • Do not include footnotes or endnotes.
  • Do not use the hanging indent feature.
  • Do not indent lists (except to indicate the hierarchy of entries).
  • Do not use the “hidden text” or “annotations/comments” facilities in Word. Provide only the text which you wish to see printed in the final version.
  • For emphasis, place the text in italics, rather than underlined or in bold. Italics should also be used for highlighting book titles.
  • If there are any special characters (such as phonetic symbols or those from any language other than French, German, and Spanish) that need to be inserted in the manuscript, please specify what they are in a separate document.

2. Headings – formal style

Do not use more than three levels of headings below the headword! This is how you should distinguish the heading levels:

Heading Level 1:
Flush left, bold, capital letters starting all main words

Heading Level 2:
Flush left, italics, capital letters starting all main words

Heading Level 3:
Flush left, plain text, capital letters starting all main words

Font size should be the same as in the rest of the text.

3. Lists

Try to avoid the extensive use of lists, though if necessary:

  • Decide whether the list should be bulleted (the items in the list have no particular order) or numbered (e.g. steps in a procedure which must be followed in order, or item 1 is more important than item 2, etc.).
  • Align lists with the left-hand margin.
  • Indent the sub-entries only.

4. Bibliographies

The Harvard, author-date system, is the preferred style at Blackwell.

Style of text citation

  • For a single author use “Gaston (1995) suggested that ...” or “... demonstrated in three different species (Gaston 1995).” Do not put a comma before the date.
  • If there are two authors use Gaston & Spicer (2000). The two names are to be connected with an ampersand.
  • If there are three or more authors use the name of the first author followed by et al., e.g. “Bell et al. (1989) showed that ....” Use a point after “al.” Do not italicize “'et al.'.”
  • Add a, b, c etc. to distinguish between two or more references with the same author or editor name and year date (e.g. Roitt 1999a and Roitt 1999b, not Roitt 1999 and Roitt 1999a, or Roitt (ed.) 1999 and Roitt 1999).
  • List a string of references in chronological order, e.g. (Black 1985; Johnson 1991; Smith & Baker 1995; Carruthers 1999).
  • When citing an anonymous editorial in a journal use the name of the journal and the date, e.g. (Economist 1998) and list this reference under “E” in the list of references.
  • When mentioning an English-language newspaper or periodical, put an initial the, even if it is part of the official title, in lower case and not italicized, e.g. “the Washington Post comments.” For foreign-language titles, retain the article if it is an official part of the title.

Style of list citation

  • Bibliographies should appear at the end of your entry following your list of cross-references under the heading “BIBLIOGRAPHY” Make them the same type size as the rest of your entry.
  • List references in alphabetical order by author; do not number the list.
  • Do not put extra line spaces between items.
  • For references starting with the same surname and initials, list single-author works first in chronological order; list two-author works second in alphabetical order of the second author, then chronologically; list multi-author works third, arranged only chronologically:
    Brown, F. (1999)
    Brown, F., & Smith, J. (1989)
    Brown, F., & Vested, K. (1983a)
    Brown, F., & Vested, K. (1983b)
    Brown, F., King, L., Evans, R., & Eliot, W. (1987)
    Brown, F., Evans, R., & King, L. (1990)
  • Order the items within each reference (authors' surnames, initials, journal article title, journal title, volume number, and page range) in a consistent way following the examples provided below. Reordering is a very time-consuming process for our copy-editors.
  • Note that journal titles should be presented with capital letters. Journal articles, book chapters, and book titles, meanwhile, should only use capital letters for the first word, for the first word of any subtitle, and where capitals are essential (e.g. for proper names). This applies to titles in all languages.
  • A list of possible reference options follow with additional notes pointing out some of areas it is easy to overlook. Please pay close attention to the style, order, and punctuation and replicate in your own references.

Form of publisher names for references

Academic Press
Addison Wesley
Addison Wesley Longman
Allen and Unwin
Arnold
Basic Books
Belknap Press
Blackwell
Cambridge University Press
Clarendon Press
Cornell University Press
Elsevier
Faber and Faber
Foris
Free Association Books
Free Press
Garland
HarperCollins
Harvard University Press
Harvester Wheatsheaf
Hogarth Press
John Benjamins
John Wiley
Johns Hopkins University Press
Kluwer
Knopf
Lawrence and Wishart
Lawrence Erlbaum
Little, Brown
Longman
Macmillan
McGraw-Hill
MIT Press
Mouton
New Left Books
North-Holland
Oxford University Press
Penguin
Pergamon
Polity
Prentice Hall
Princeton University Press
Reidel
Rutgers University Press
Sage
Semiotext(e)
Simon and Schuster
Stanford University Press
University of California Press
University of Chicago Press
University of Illinois Press
University of Michigan Press
University of Minnesota Press
University of Wisconsin Press
Unwin Hyman
Verso
Yale University Press
Zed Books

Generally, don't include “Publishing,” “Publishers,” “Inc.,” “Co.,” “Ltd.;” include “University Press” in full, not as “UP” or “UPress;” spell out “and.”

Examples of Harvard references

Please read the explanatory notes that follow each example.

Adams, A. B. (1983a). Chapter title: Subtitle. Journal Title, 46(2), 617–619.
Notes: (i) use initials, not first names; (ii) add space between author initials; (iii) present the journal name in italics, followed by a comma in roman not italics; (iv) put the volume and issue number in roman, not italics or bold, followed by a roman comma; (v) put the journal issue number in parentheses immediately after the journal volume number; (vi) use an en-rule, rather than a hyphen, to indicate a page span; (vii) don't elide numbers in page spans

Adams, A. B., Hoskins, M. A., Brady, F. P., & Smith, R. A. P. (1993) Chapter title. Journal Title, 334, 31–5.
Notes (i) use comma before ampersand; (ii) name all authors, even if more than two

Bennett, W. P. (1983b). Book title: Subtitle. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Cummings, M. (ed.) (in press). Book title. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
Notes: (i) use closing point for “ed.;” (ii) use “in press” to indicate material accepted for publication but not yet published, and if an unpublished journal article don't give a volume number or page numbers; (iii) the style for US state abbreviations is “MA” not “Mass.,” etc.

Docherty, K. J. (1995). Chapter title. In D. Smith, A. B. Jones, & N. Porter (eds.), Book title. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 12–28.
Notes: (i) don't add a colon after the introductory “In” before edited books; (ii) put editors' names before book title; (iii) note the initial and surname order for this usage; (iv) use lower-case “e” and closing point in “eds.;” (v) put a comma, not a colon, before book title; (vi) use “pp.” for page numbers in books but not for journal page numbers (compare with Adams 1983a example above)

Lessells, D. E., & O'Brien, C. T. M., Jr. (eds.) (1989). Book title, 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 32–68.
Note: present the edition number in roman

Santas, V. B. (1983). Book title, vol. II (trans. B. A. Jones). London: Macmillan. (Original work published 1897).
Note: in text cite the original publication date and the date of translation, i.e. (Santas 1897/1983)

Smith, R. A. (2006). What is communication? At www.whatever.com, accessed January 14, 2006.
Note: there is no need to include “http://” before the web address if it includes "www.".

Washington Post (1996). The communications revolution, p. A23 (July 23).

Zubizarreta, M.-T. (1998). Las communicaciones en inglès y español [Communications in English and Spanish]. Madrid: Universidad de Madrid.
Note: translation of original language titles should be in square brackets and in roman (if not published in translation)

If the advice above doesn't cover the material you are trying to reference, please refer to the latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (http://www.apastyle.org/).